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␈↓␈↓↓␈↓α␈↓β␈↓∧␈↓∧Artificial Intelligence Laboratory␈↓ ε∂June 1977␈↓ ∧}␈↓ 	∀John McCarthy, Director␈↓ ↓H
Stanford University␈↓ 	_Les Earnest, Assoc. Dir.␈↓ ↓H
Stanford, California 94305␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ∧
␈↓αArtificial Intelligence and the Stanford A.I. Lab.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓This␈α
is␈α
a␈α
general␈α
article␈α
on␈α
artificial␈α
intelligence␈α
and␈α
the␈αStanford␈αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HWe␈α
hope␈α
it␈α
answers␈α
your␈α
questions.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓Artificial␈αintelligence␈↓␈αis␈αthe␈αname␈αgiven␈αto␈αthe␈αstudy␈αof␈αintellectual␈αprocesses␈αand␈αhow␈α
computers␈α
can␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbe␈α∂made␈α∞to␈α∞carry␈α∞them␈α∞out.␈α∞Most␈α∞workers␈α∞in␈α∞the␈α∞field␈α∞believe␈α∞that␈α∞it␈α∞will␈α∞be␈α∞possible␈α∞to␈α∞program␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomputers␈αto␈αcarry␈αout␈αany␈αintellectual␈αprocess␈αnow␈αdone␈αby␈αhumans.␈αHowever,␈αalmost␈αall␈αagree␈αthat␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwe␈α∩are␈α⊃not␈α⊃very␈α⊃close␈α⊃to␈α⊃this␈α⊃goal␈α⊃and␈α⊃that␈α⊃some␈α⊃fundamental␈α⊃discoveries␈α⊃must␈α⊃be␈α⊃made␈α⊃first.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HTherefore,␈αwork␈αin␈αAI␈αincludes␈αtrying␈αto␈αanalyze␈αintelligent␈αbehavior␈αinto␈α
more␈α
basic␈α
data␈α
structures␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈αprocesses,␈αexperiments␈αto␈αdetermine␈αif␈αprocesses␈αproposed␈αto␈αsolve␈αsome␈αclass␈αof␈αproblems␈αreally␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwork,␈α
and␈α
attempts␈α
to␈α
apply␈α
what␈α
we␈α
have␈α
found␈α
so␈α
far␈α
to␈α
practical␈α
problems.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈αidea␈αof␈αintelligent␈αmachines␈αis␈αvery␈αold␈αin␈αfiction,␈αbut␈αpresent␈αwork␈αdates␈αfrom␈αthe␈αtime␈αstored␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hprogram␈α
electronic␈α
computers␈α
became␈α
available␈α
starting␈α
in␈α
1949.␈α
Any␈αbehavior␈αthat␈αcan␈αbe␈αcarried␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hout␈αby␈αany␈αmechanical␈αdevice␈αcan␈α
be␈α
done␈α
by␈α
a␈α
computer,␈α
and␈α
getting␈α
a␈α
particular␈α
behavior␈α
is␈α
just␈α
a␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmatter␈αof␈αwriting␈αa␈αprogram␈αunless␈αthe␈αbehavior␈αrequires␈αspecial␈αinput␈αand␈αoutput␈αequipment.␈αIt␈αis␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hperhaps␈αreasonable␈αto␈αdate␈αAI␈αfrom␈αA.M.␈αTuring's␈α1950␈αpaper␈α[1].␈αNewell,␈αShaw␈αand␈αSimon␈αstarted␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htheir␈αgroup␈αin␈α1954␈αand␈αthe␈αM.I.T.␈αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory␈αwas␈αstarted␈αby␈αMcCarthy␈αand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HMinsky␈α
in␈α
1958.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬␈␈↓αBoard Games␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HEarly␈α
work␈α
in␈α
AI␈αincluded␈αprograms␈αto␈αplay␈αgames␈αlike␈αchess,␈αcheckers,␈αkalah,␈αand␈αgo.␈αThe␈αsuccess␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hof␈α∀these␈α∀programs␈α∀was␈α∀related␈α∀to␈α∀the␈α∀extent␈α∀that␈α∀human␈α∪play␈α∪of␈α∪these␈α∪games␈α∪makes␈α∪use␈α∪of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmechanisms␈α⊃that␈α⊃we␈α⊃didn't␈α⊃understand␈α⊃well␈α⊂enough␈α⊂to␈α⊂program.␈α⊂If␈α⊂the␈α⊂game␈α⊂requires␈α⊂only␈α⊂well␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hunderstood␈αmechanisms,␈αcomputers␈αplay␈αbetter␈αthan␈αhumans.␈αKalah␈αis␈αsuch␈αa␈αgame.␈αThe␈αbest␈αrating␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hobtained␈αin␈αtournament␈αplay␈αby␈αa␈αchess␈αprogram␈αso␈αfar␈αis␈αaround␈α2070␈αwhich␈αis␈α"expert"␈αlevel.␈αThe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hchess␈α
programmers␈α
hope␈α
to␈α
do␈α
better.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬[␈↓αFormal Reasoning␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HAnother␈α∂early␈α∂problem␈α∂domain␈α∂was␈α∂theorem␈α∂proving␈α∞in␈α∞logic.␈α∞This␈α∞is␈α∞important␈α∞for␈α∞two␈α∞reasons.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HFirst,␈α∪it␈α∪provides␈α∪another␈α∪area␈α∪in␈α∪which␈α∪our␈α∪accomplishments␈α∪in␈α∪artificial␈α∪intelligence␈α∪can␈α∪be␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcompared␈α↔with␈α↔human␈α↔intelligence.␈α↔Again␈α↔the␈α↔results␈α⊗obtained␈α⊗depend␈α⊗on␈α⊗what␈α⊗intellectual␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmechanisms␈αthe␈αtheorem␈αproving␈αrequires,␈αbut␈αin␈αgeneral␈αthe␈αresults␈αhave␈αnot␈αbeen␈αas␈αgood␈αas␈αwith␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hgame␈α∞playing.␈α∞This␈α∞is␈α∞partly␈α∞because␈α∞the␈α∞mathematical␈α
logical␈α
systems␈α
available␈α
were␈α
designed␈α
for␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hproving␈α
metatheorems␈α
about␈α
rather␈α
than␈α
for␈α
proving␈α
theorems␈α
in.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α⊃second␈α⊃reason␈α⊃why␈α⊃theorem␈α⊃proving␈α⊃is␈α⊃important␈α⊂is␈α⊂that␈α⊂logical␈α⊂languages␈α⊂can␈α⊂be␈α⊂used␈α⊂to␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hexpress␈α
what␈α
we␈αwish␈αto␈αtell␈αthe␈αcomputer␈αabout␈αthe␈αworld,␈αand␈αwe␈αcan␈αtry␈αto␈αmake␈αit␈αreason␈αfrom␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthis␈αwhat␈αit␈αshould␈αdo␈αto␈αsolve␈αthe␈αproblems␈αwe␈αgive␈αit.␈αIt␈αturns␈αout␈αto␈αbe␈αquite␈αdifficult␈αto␈αexpress␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwhat␈α
humans␈α
know␈α
about␈αthe␈αworld␈αin␈αthe␈αpresent␈αlogical␈αlanguages␈αor␈αin␈αany␈αother␈αway.␈αSome␈αof␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwhat␈αwe␈αknow␈αis␈αreadily␈αexpressed␈αin␈αnatural␈αlanguage,␈αbut␈αmuch␈αbasic␈αinformation␈αabout␈αcausality␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α
what␈α
may␈αhappen␈αwhen␈αan␈αaction␈αis␈αtaken␈αis␈αnot␈αever␈αexplicitly␈αstated␈αin␈αhuman␈αspeech.␈αThis␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hgives␈α
rise␈α
to␈α
the␈α
representation␈α
problem␈α
of␈α
determining␈α
what␈α
is␈α
known␈α
in␈α
general␈α
about␈αthe␈αworld␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α
how␈α
to␈α
express␈αit␈αin␈αa␈αform␈αthat␈αcan␈αbe␈αused␈αby␈αthe␈αcomputer␈αto␈αsolve␈αproblems.␈αAt␈αthis␈αtime,␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α
representation␈α
problem␈α
seems␈α
to␈α
be␈α
the␈α
key␈α
problem␈α
in␈α
artificial␈α
intelligence.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ εβ␈↓αPublications␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α∀results␈α∀of␈α∪current␈α∪research␈α∪in␈α∪artificial␈α∪intelligence␈α∪is␈α∪published␈α∪in␈α∪the␈α∪journal␈α∪␈↓↓Artificial␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HIntelligence␈↓,␈α
and␈α
in␈α
more␈α
general␈αcomputer␈αscience␈αpublications␈αsuch␈αas␈αthose␈αof␈αthe␈αACM␈αand␈αthe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HBritish␈α⊂Computer␈α⊂Society.␈α∂The␈α∂ACM␈α∂has␈α∂a␈α∂special␈α∂interest␈α∂group␈α∂on␈α∂artificial␈α∂intelligence␈α∂called␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HSIGART␈α⊂which␈α⊂publishes␈α⊂a␈α⊂newsletter.␈α⊂Every␈α⊂two␈α⊂years␈α⊂there␈α⊂is␈α⊂an␈α⊂international␈α⊂conference␈α⊂on␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hartificial␈α∂intelligence␈α∂which␈α∞publishes␈α∞a␈α∞proceedings.␈α∞The␈α∞fourth␈α∞and␈α∞most␈α∞recent␈α∞was␈α∞held␈α∞in␈α∞the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsummer␈α∂of␈α∂1975␈α∂and␈α∂the␈α∂proceedings␈α∂are␈α∂available␈α∂[2];␈α∂there␈α∞will␈α∞be␈α∞another␈α∞at␈α∞MIT␈α∞on␈α∞August␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H22-25,␈α
1977.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HSome␈α⊂current␈α⊂books␈α⊂and␈α⊂papers␈α⊂are␈α⊂listed␈α⊂at␈α⊂the␈α⊂end␈α⊂of␈α⊂this␈α∂writeup␈α∂[3,␈α∂4,␈α∂5,␈α∂6].␈α∂The␈α∂Stanford␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory␈αhas␈α
a␈α
series␈α
of␈α
research␈α
reports␈α
(A.I.␈α
Memos)␈α
which␈α
are␈α
included␈α
in␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α∩reports␈α∩put␈α∩out␈α∩by␈α∩the␈α∩Computer␈α∩Science␈α∩Department.␈α∩One␈α∩can␈α∩get␈α∩on␈α∩the␈α∩list␈α∩to␈α⊃receive␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hannouncements␈α∞of␈α∞reports␈α∞by␈α∞writing␈α∞to␈α∞them␈α∞[7].␈α∞A␈α∞ten-year␈α∞summary␈α∞of␈α∞A.I.␈α∞Lab.␈α∞research␈α
with␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Habstracts␈αof␈αall␈αreports␈αis␈αavailable␈α[8],␈αas␈αwell␈αas␈αa␈αsummary␈αof␈αrecent␈αwork␈α[9].␈αWe␈αalso␈αhave␈αsome␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H16mm␈α
films␈α
for␈α
loan␈α
[10].␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ∧4␈↓αStanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α∪Stanford␈α∪Artificial␈α∪Intelligence␈α∩Laboratory␈α∩was␈α∩started␈α∩in␈α∩1963␈α∩and␈α∩moved␈α∩to␈α∩its␈α∩present␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlocation␈α⊂at␈α⊂1600␈α⊂Arastradero␈α⊂Road,␈α⊂Palo␈α⊂Alto␈α⊂in␈α⊂1966.␈α⊂Since␈α⊂the␈α∂beginning,␈α∂our␈α∂work␈α∂has␈α∂been␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmostly␈α∞supported␈α∞by␈α∞the␈α∞Advanced␈α∞Research␈α∞Projects␈α∞Agency␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞Defense␈α∞Department,␈α∞but␈α∞we␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hhave␈αalso␈αbeen␈αsupported␈αby␈αthe␈αNational␈αScience␈αFoundation,␈αthe␈αNational␈αAeronautics␈αand␈αSpace␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HAdministration,␈α
the␈α
National␈α
Institute␈α
of␈α
Mental␈α
Health,␈α
and␈α
private␈α
foundations.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HOur␈α∂research␈α∂goals␈α∂include␈α∂all␈α∂areas␈α∂of␈α∞artificial␈α∞intelligence,␈α∞mathematical␈α∞theory␈α∞of␈α∞computation␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H(the␈α∂problem␈α∂of␈α∂specifying␈α∞properties␈α∞of␈α∞computer␈α∞programs␈α∞and␈α∞proving␈α∞that␈α∞the␈α∞programs␈α∞meet␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htheir␈α∂specifications),␈α∂studies␈α∞in␈α∞natural␈α∞language,␈α∞and␈α∞studies␈α∞in␈α∞time-sharing␈α∞and␈α∞other␈α∞aspects␈α∞of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomputer␈α∂systems.␈α∂However,␈α∂the␈α∂main␈α∞work␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞laboratory␈α∞since␈α∞its␈α∞inception␈α∞has␈α∞included␈α∞the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfollowing:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_1.␈α
␈↓↓Computer␈α
vision.␈↓␈α
Images␈α
are␈α
obtained␈α
from␈α
a␈α
television␈α
camera␈α
and␈α
are␈α
processed␈α
to␈α
describe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈αscene␈αin␈αways␈αappropriate␈αto␈αthe␈αpurpose␈αof␈αthe␈αprogram.␈αThese␈αpurposes␈αinclude␈αmanipulation,␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdriving␈α
a␈α
vehicle,␈α
and␈α
simply␈α
checking␈α
our␈α
understanding␈α
of␈α
perceptual␈α
mechanisms.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_2.␈α⊂␈↓↓Manipulation.␈↓␈α⊂Programs␈α∂have␈α∂been␈α∂and␈α∂are␈α∂being␈α∂developed␈α∂to␈α∂assemble␈α∂objects␈α∂out␈α∂of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hparts.␈α
A␈α
recent␈α
program␈α
assembles␈α
the␈α
water␈α
pump␈α
from␈α
a␈α
Model␈α
T␈α
Ford.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_3.␈α⊂␈↓↓Driving␈α⊂a␈α⊂vehicle.␈↓␈α∂A␈α∂computer-controlled␈α∂electric␈α∂cart␈α∂equipped␈α∂with␈α∂television␈α∂camera␈α∂is␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbeing␈α
used␈α
in␈α
visual␈α
navigation␈α
experiments␈α
both␈α
indoors␈α
and␈α
outdoors.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_4.␈α∃␈↓↓Theorem␈α∃proving.␈↓␈α∃Programs␈α∃using␈α∃J.␈α∃Alan␈α∃Robinson's␈α∃resolution␈α∃method␈α∃of␈α∃proving␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htheorems␈α⊂in␈α⊂first␈α⊂order␈α⊂logic␈α⊂are␈α⊂used␈α⊂to␈α⊂prove␈α⊂theorems␈α⊂in␈α∂mathematics,␈α∂to␈α∂prove␈α∂properties␈α∂of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomputer␈α
programs,␈α
and␈α
to␈α
generate␈α
computer␈α
programs␈α
having␈α
prescribed␈α
properties.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_5.␈α∀␈↓↓Mathematical␈α∀theory␈α∀of␈α∪computation.␈↓␈α∪Methods␈α∪for␈α∪proving␈α∪properties␈α∪of␈α∪programs␈α∪are␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdeveloped.␈α∞Programs␈α∞for␈α∞checking␈α∞proofs␈α∞in␈α∞first␈α∞order␈α∞logic␈α∞and␈α∞in␈α∞a␈α
special␈α
logic␈α
of␈α
computable␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfunctions␈α
have␈α
been␈α
developed.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_6.␈α␈↓↓Game␈αplaying.␈↓␈αSome␈αwork␈αin␈αcheckers,␈αchess␈αand␈αgo␈α
has␈α
been␈α
done,␈α
but␈α
we␈α
are␈α
not␈α
active␈α
in␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthis␈α
field␈α
at␈α
present.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_7.␈α
␈↓↓Speech␈α
recognition,␈↓␈α
also␈α
inactive␈α
currently.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_8.␈α
␈↓↓Design␈α
Automation.␈↓␈α
Programs␈α
have␈α
been␈α
written␈α
to␈αallow␈αa␈αcomputer␈αdesigner␈αto␈αput␈αlogic␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdiagrams␈α
and␈α
diagrams␈α
for␈α
printed␈α
circuit␈α
cards␈α
in␈α
the␈α
computer.␈α
This␈α
system␈α
produces␈α
tapes␈α
that␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcontrol␈α
semi-automatic␈α
manufacture␈α
of␈α
printed␈α
circuit␈α
cards␈α
and␈α
back␈α
panel␈α
wiring.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_9.␈α∞␈↓↓Natural␈α∞language␈α∞understanding.␈↓␈α∞Programs␈α∞are␈α∞being␈α∞developed␈α∞to␈α∞"understand"␈α∞and␈α∞act␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hupon␈α
information␈α
presented␈α
in␈α
the␈α
form␈α
of␈α
English␈α
text.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_10.␈α
␈↓↓Time-sharing␈α
systems.␈↓␈αThere␈αis␈αalso␈αdevelopment␈αof␈αtime-sharing␈αtechniques␈αespecially␈αfor␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdisplay␈α
oriented␈α
systems.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_11.␈α⊗␈↓↓Music␈α⊗and␈α⊗Psychoacoustics.␈↓␈α⊗An␈α⊗affiliated␈α⊗group␈α⊗is␈α⊗developing␈α∃quadraphonic␈α∃audio␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsynthesis␈α∞techniques␈α∞that␈α∞simulate␈α∞acoustic␈α∞spaces␈α∞in␈α∞which␈α∞simulated␈α∞sound␈α∞sources␈α∞are␈α∞placed␈α∞in␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hvarious␈α
locations␈α
and␈α
moved.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬R␈↓αComputer Facilities␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈αcomputer␈αfacilities␈αof␈αthe␈αlaboratory␈αcomprise␈αKL10␈αand␈αKA10␈αprocessors,␈α393K␈αwords␈α
of␈α
core,␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsix␈αdisk␈αfiles,␈αsix␈αvector␈αdisplay␈αterminals,␈α60␈αraster␈αdispaly␈αterminals,␈αA-D␈αand␈αD-A␈αconverters,␈αand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Ha␈α⊂connection␈α⊂to␈α⊂the␈α⊂ARPA␈α⊂network.␈α⊂There␈α⊂is␈α⊂also␈α⊂a␈α⊂PDP-11/45␈α⊂system␈α⊂for␈α∂controlling␈α∂real-time␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdevices␈α⊂with␈α∂200k␈α∂words␈α∂of␈α∂MOS␈α∂and␈α∂core␈α∂memory␈α∂and␈α∂an␈α∂SPS-41␈α∂processor.␈α∂Connected␈α∂to␈α∂the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsystem␈α
are␈α
television␈α
cameras,␈α
mechanical␈α
arms,␈α
and␈α
a␈α
computer␈α
controllable␈α
cart␈α
with␈α
a␈α
TV␈α
camera.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ε3␈↓αStaff␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α
personnel␈α
of␈α
the␈α
laboratory␈α
include␈α
faculty␈α
and␈αstudents␈αof␈αthe␈αComputer␈αScience␈αDepartment␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α∩a␈α∩few␈α∩other␈α⊃departments␈α⊃at␈α⊃Stanford␈α⊃University,␈α⊃the␈α⊃professional␈α⊃staff,␈α⊃and␈α⊃some␈α⊃research␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hassociates.␈αPotential␈αgraduate␈αstudents␈αwishing␈αto␈αspecialize␈αin␈αartificial␈αintelligence␈αand␈αdo␈αresearch␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hin␈α∪the␈α∪laboratory␈α∪should␈α∩usually␈α∩apply␈α∩for␈α∩admission␈α∩to␈α∩the␈α∩Computer␈α∩Science␈α∩Department␈α∩at␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HStanford␈α
University.␈α
Potential␈α
research␈α
associates␈α
should␈α
apply␈α
directly␈α
to␈α
the␈α
laboratory.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ε∞␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[1]  Turing, A. M. ␈↓αComputing Machinery and Intelligence␈↓, ␈↓↓Mind,␈↓ 1950. Reprinted in J. R.␈↓ ↓H
     Newman (ed.), ␈↓↓The World of Mathematics,␈↓ Vol. 4, p. 2099, Simon & Shuster, New York, 1956.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[2]  ␈↓↓Advance Papers, Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,␈↓␈↓ ↓H
     Tbilisi, Georgia, U.S.S.R., 3-8 September 1975.  [Order from:  IJCAI4; c/o Suzin Jabari;␈↓ ↓H
     MIT-AI Laboratory; 545 Technology Square; Cambridge, MA 02139]␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[3]  Newell, Allen and Simon, Herbert A., ␈↓↓Human Problem Solving␈↓, Prentice-Hall, Englewood␈↓ ↓H
     Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[4]  Nilsson, Nils, ␈↓↓Problem Solving Methods in Artificial Intelligence␈↓, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1971.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[5]  Nilsson, Nils, ␈↓αArtificial Intelligence␈↓, in ␈↓↓Proc. IFIP Congress 1974␈↓, Stockholm, Sweden, 1974.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[6]  Winston, Patrick, ␈↓↓Artificial Intelligence␈↓, Addison-Wesley, 1977.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[7]  To obtain abstracts of recent Computer Science Reports, including A. I. Memos, write to:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_␈↓↓Documentation Services␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Computer Science Department␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Stanford University␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Stanford, California 94305␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[8]  Earnest, Lester (ed.), ␈↓αThe First Ten Years of Artificial Intelligence Research at Stanford␈↓,␈↓ ↓H
     Stanford A.I. Lab. Memo AIM-228, July 1973.  Available in microfiche only from␈↓ ↓H
     ␈↓↓Documentation Services␈↓ (address in letterhead), or in hard copy or microfiche as accession␈↓ ↓H
     No. ADA776233/9WC from:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_␈↓↓National Technical Information Service␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_5285 Port Royal Road␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Springfield, Virginia 22161␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[9]  Earnest, Lester, (ed.), ␈↓αRecent Research in Artificial Intelligence, Heuristic Programming,␈↓ ↓H
     and Network Protocols␈↓, Stanford A. I. Lab Memo AIM-252, July 1974. Available in␈↓ ↓H
     microfiche from A.I. Lab. (address in letterhead) or in hard copy or microfiche␈↓ ↓H
     from N.T.I.S. (address just above) as accession No. ADA002246.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[10] To request a list of films on A. I. Lab. research, write to:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_␈↓↓Documentation Services, Artificial Intelligence Lab.,Stanford, California 94305␈↓␈↓ ↓H